Summary of THOUGHT FOX by TED HUGHES

 It is a poem about writing poetry. Ted Hughes draws an analogy between thought and a fox. The poem opens on the words “I imagine this midnight moment’s forest’’. We are not dealing with a  forest but with an imagined one. Its external action takes place in a room late at night where the poet is sitting alone. He also has in front of him a blank page where his fingers move. Outside the night is starless, silent, and totally black. But the poet senses a presence which disturbs him that is something alive in his mind. Describing the night as "lonely" is a good clue to the fact that the night is a symbol for something else because the night cannot be lonely. So “something” is approaching and entering into the poet’s mind.

 It does not enter in an enforced manner but as delicately as snow falls in. The idea itself is symbolized by the fox’s presence and it is not clear to the poet. As Hughes writes, ‘‘a fox’s nose touches twig, leaf’’ showing the sensory parts of a fox. The nose feels its way through the darkness. Gradually the fox’s eyes appear out of the same formlessness. The fox goes on to set neat prints on the snow that is the writing comes across clearly on the paper. At times, it appears like a lame shadow trying to pick up speed and accelerate towards the final goal. The term stump refers to the base of the tree that is incomplete without a treetop. The poet has to write his idea beyond the stump. It is in the hollow of a body that is “bold to come”. Across clearings, there is an eye. “A widening deepening greenness” in the poem makes us imagine that the fox actually jumping through the eyes of the poet.
 Gradually, the fox emerges out of formlessness  “a sudden sharp hot stink of fox’’. The fox is suddenly visible. This shows that the idea is suddenly within the poet’s mind and has been immortalized on the page.

Town life or village life. Which one is better?

 It is hard to say whether a particular style of living is better for any single person. But the historic evidence is clear that for the growth and expansion of civilization, Towns are where ideas are exchanged, where most education and research happens, and where artistic and creative pursuits thrive the most. So in my opinion town, life is better than village life.

Town life has more opportunities while the village life has the same monotone. In towns, there are so many work opportunities for people. They are more independent and civilized. They are not superstitious like villagers. By living in cities, we get more health facilities, better education and job opportunities. People living in towns get a better transport system and economic system. They are provided with electricity, gas and their basic needs. They accept things through scientific reasons. Due to more facilities, Citizens show their intelligence through their activity and they can prove themselves. Different people are found in town life which helps in mixing with varying ideas and experience. So, they can communicate easily and enjoy a more comfortable and enjoyable life.  By living in cities, we can't stay undeveloped forever. We need to become more advanced and move onto an urban lifestyle, which is more modern than the old fashioned rural lifestyle.

We can opt village life for a few days, As in the case of a small holiday but not for living permanently. Urban areas previously used to be very conducive for health but nowadays it is more unhygienic than the rural areas. For example lack of proper washrooms in every household. But in towns, we are provided with a better system and safety.
Accepting that this urban life is stressing, but life is a battleground. Once you can hit the jackpot you are bound to move on. Village life cannot do so.

My Opinion:

So, I conclude that town life has more opportunities as well as diversity and competition. This will make you strive to be the best that you can. People get to explore and get knowledge of different kinds of things, culture, religions. Whereas in a rural area it is less cultivated with other cultures.

Solitons in Degenerate Plasma

 Introduction

Plasma physics was considered to be a purely classical field. With time, there has been a curiosity on plasma systems where quantum effects in degenerate plasma are important. When we compare the de Broglie wavelength of the charge carriers with the inter-particle distance than there is a significant overlap of the solitary wave functions. This problem is solved by Fermi-Dirac statistics which is in contrast to the laboratory and space plasmas which obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. The fermionic behaviour becomes significant for dense plasmas. This kind of plasma exists in astrophysical objects such as in white dwarfs and the atmosphere of neutron stars or in intense laser-solid density plasma interaction experiments, etc.

Degenerate Plasma

Degenerate plasma usually exists at high densities. They have subatomic particles with half-integral spin. A gas in which all the energy states below a critical value are filled with the increase in density is called a fully degenerate, or zero-temperature fermion gas. Such particles as electrons, protons, neutrons, and neutrinos are all fermions and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Degeneracy Pressure

The process of gradually filling in the higher-energy states increases the pressure of the fermion gas which is as termed as degeneracy pressure. They depend only on the fermion number density, but not on its temperature. The degenerate pressure arises due to the combined effect of Pauli’s exclusion principle and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Solitons In Degenerate Plasma

A soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave that maintains its shape while it travels at a constant speed. They are wave packets that can be propagated as a travelling wave in nonlinear systems. They do not obey the superposition principle and does not dissipate. The soliton phenomenon was first described by John Scott Russell who observed a solitary wave in Scotland. The non-linear propagation of these waves in degenerate dense plasma has been theoretically investigated by Hass, Misra, Samanta and many more. For this, the K-dV equation has been derived by using the reductive perturbation method and by taking into account the effect of different plasma parameters in plasma fluid. The derived K-dV equation is examined to identify the basic properties of solitary structures. The effect of pressures on electrons, ions, and positrons modify the basic features of solitary waves that are found to exist in nature. 

History

In 1873, Johannes Diderik van der Waals developed a new model of dense gases and fluids. This work opened the way to understanding matter in non-ideal states which are not described by the classical ideal gas law. After that, there has been a great deal of interest in understanding the basic properties of matter. There are many interstellar compact objects where matters support themselves against gravitational collapse by cold degenerate fermion/electron pressure. They are of two categories:

•        The first category is close to a dense solid which is surrounded by degenerate electrons, and possibly other heavy particles or dust. The example of this kind of star is a white dwarf which is supported by the pressure of degenerate electrons. 

•        The second category is close to a giant atomic nucleus which is a mixture of interacting nucleons and electrons and other heavy elementary particles or dust. The example of this kind of stars is a neutron star which is supported by the pressure due to a combination of nucleon degeneracy and nuclear interactions. 

These unique states of matter occur by significant compression of the interstellar medium.

The degenerate plasma number density in such a compact object is so high of the order of 1030 cm⁻³  in dwarfs and 1036 cm⁻³ in neutron stars. The equation of state for degenerate electrons in such interstellar compact objects was mathematically explained by

Chandrasekhar for two limits, namely non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic limits. He built the concept first on the mass density, gravitational equilibrium, pressure density and the equations were solved for the electron-proton system. The degenerate electron equation of state of Chandrasekhar is P_e ∝ N^5/3 for non-relativistic limit and P_e ∝ N^4/3 for ultra-relativistic limit, where Pe is the degenerate electron pressure and Ne is the degenerate electron number density. After that many scientists use these limits to make their theoretical investigations. So, these interstellar compact objects provide us cosmic laboratories for studying the properties of the matter as well as solitons and instabilities at degenerate state for which quantum, as well as relativistic effects, become important Further, these effects on linear and non-linear propagation of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves have been investigated by using the quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model which is an extension of the classical fluid model in plasma, and by using the quantum magneto-hydrodynamic (QMHD) model which involve half spin and one-fluid MHD equations.

Explanation In Research papers

The behaviour and characteristics of solitary waves of different kinds with special conditions are discussed below :

1) Planar and Non-planar Solitary Waves in a Four-Component Relativistic

Degenerate Dense Plasma

The nonlinear propagation of electrostatic perturbation modes in an un-magnetized, collisionless, relativistic, degenerate plasma, which contain both non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic degenerate electrons, non-relativistic degenerate ions, and arbitrarily charged static heavy ions has been investigated theoretically. The Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV) equation has been derived.

         Their solitary wave solution is obtained and numerically analyzed in case of both planar and non-planar geometry. It has been observed that the ion-acoustic (IA) and modified ion-acoustic (mIA) solitary waves have been significantly changed. IA waves are low-frequency electrostatic waves. The modified ion-acoustic (mIA) waves are nothing but IA-type waves in the presence of static heavy-ion. We have found that:

•        The phase speed with negatively (positively) charged heavy ions for the ultra-relativistic case is higher (lower) than that for the nonrelativistic case. 

•        With the decrease in time the amplitude of the solitary wave in both geometries increase.

•        In spherical case, the amplitude is always higher than cylindrical geometries for K-dV solitons which indicates that the density compression can be more effectively obtained in a spherical. 

This work is applicable for the matter under extreme conditions like IA and mIA solitary waves propagation in the interior of interstellar stellar for polytropes, hadronic matter, quark-gluon plasma and proton-neutron stars where planar or non-planar geometry comes.

2)     Solitary waves in an ultra-relativistic degenerate dense plasma

Solitary waves in an ultra-relativistic degenerate dense plasma have been investigated by the reductive perturbation method. The modified Korteweg–de Vries equation has been derived and its numerical solutions have been analyzed to identify the basic features of spherical electrostatic solitary structures that may form in such a degenerate dense plasma. It has been shown here that the amplitude, width, and speed increase with the increase of the plasma number density.

This investigation will help understand the basic features of the localized electrostatic disturbances in compact astrophysical objects, for example, white dwarf stars which have spherical shapes.

3)     Standing electromagnetic solitons in degenerate relativistic plasmas

 The existence of standing high frequency electromagnetic (EM) solitons in a fully degenerate under dense electron plasma is studied by applying relativistic hydrodynamics and Maxwell equations. The possibility of existence and stability of solitons in underdense plasma occurs when ω ≤ Ω_e. Soliton exists for the entire range of physically allowed electron densities, i,e for n₀ = 1024 cm⁻³ and higher. They are found in both relativistic and nonrelativistic degenerate plasmas. The intensity of the solitons can be small for ω → Ω_e and becomes relativistically strong for ω → ωc. 

This model is generalized for underdense plasma. These results are used to understand X-ray pulses emerging from compact astrophysical objects. It also tells us about the interaction of intense laser pulses and dense degenerate plasma. 

4)     Ion-acoustic solitary waves in  dense pair-ion plasma containing degenerate electrons and positrons

The nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic solitary waves in a collisionless dense electron-positron–ion plasma is probed in this. The electrons and positrons follow the Thomas–Fermi density distribution and the ions are described by the hydrodynamic equations. An energy balance-like equation involving a Sagdeev-type pseudo-potential is derived in this.

                     Analytical and numerical calculations reveal that both subsonic and supersonic ion-acoustic solitary waves may exist for low values of the positron-to-electron number density ratio. However, any increase in the positron-to-electron number density ratio allows the propagation of subsonic solitons only. The pseudopotential and pulse excitation character depends upon the density ratio and Mach number.

The method helps understand the excitation of nonlinear ion-acoustic solitary waves in a degenerate plasma such as in super-dense white dwarfs.

Conclusion

If we summarized the above explanation we can say that solitons in degenerate plasma are present in relativistic, ultra-relativistic and non-relativistic regimes. They have high density and a strong relation occurs between degenerate plasma and solitons. The degenerate plasma supports compressive or rarefactive solitary structures. Without the study of solitons in degenerate plasma, we are unable to understand the astrophysical aspects of nature completely. 

 

Besides, its applications to diverse systems ranging from nanoscale electronic devices and dense astrophysics environments to intense laser-solid density plasma interaction experiments, this is a significant step in justifying the attention to quantum plasmas with the development of efficient macroscopic models. 

References

1)    Melrose, D., 2008. Quantum Plasmadynamics. Berlin: Springer.

2)    Masood, W. and Eliasson, B., 2011. Electrostatic solitary waves in a quantum plasma with relativistically degenerate electrons. Physics of Plasmas, 18(3), p.034503.

3)    Hossein, M., Nahar, L. and Mamun, A., 2014. Planar and Nonplanar Solitary Waves in a Four-Component Relativistic Degenerate Dense Plasma. Journal of Astrophysics, 2014, pp.1-8.

4)    Mamun, A. and Shukla, P., 2010. Solitary waves in an ultrarelativistic degenerate dense plasma. Physics of Plasmas, 17(10), p.104504

5)    Mikaberidze, G. and Berezhiani, V., 2015. Standing electromagnetic solitons in degenerate relativistic plasmas. Physics Letters A, 379(42), pp.2730-2734.

6)    Abdelsalam, U., Moslem, W. and Shukla, P., 2008. Ion-acoustic solitary waves in a dense pair-ion plasma containing degenerate electrons and positrons. Physics Letters A, 372(22), pp.4057-4061

Animal Experimentation is Ethical or not?

 The use of animals in research and development projects especially for checking the safety of food and drugs. It is used to determine the toxicity, dosing, and efficacy of test drugs before proceeding to humans. There are three types of animal experimentation. Types of animal testing are medical research, dissection, and cosmetic testing.

Ethical or Unethical

In my opinion, Animal experimentation is unethical because it is a cruel and inhumane way to torture animals. There have been millions of animals that suffered a painful death in the name of research.

 It is Unethical

Animal experimentation has been practised since ancient times when the ancient Greeks killed and dissected animals for scientific and religious purposes. Animal testing became an impersonal study on a large group of animals, from rats to dogs to chimpanzees. With centuries, more advanced medicines and scientific breakthroughs. Psychological studies were conducted on monkeys, cats, dogs etc. Human life was extended and improved but still, animals were treated as objects, used as tools for humanity’s benefit. Following are the points which show it is unethical:

·      In Medical Research

For many years scientists using animals for experimentation. Some people believe that by using animals we are closer to find the cure of care but when researchers found the cure for cancer in mice. It did not work in humans. The main reason is that animals and humans are different from each other. Animals don’t suffer from a disease like humans. . It is also stated by US lab that ninety-two percent out of  100 drugs that passed on animals failed on humans. So after this research, we should find an alternative way for experimentation that would be more reliable.

·       Dissection

Dissection is another form of animal testing where people cut and open animals just to see how their insides work like they are some kind of machine. In schools frogs, cats dogs, rabbits, insects and many other animals are dissected. They are taken from slaughterhouses, animal shelters, roads etc. In this animal testing, where is the morality? The fact is that students are cutting another living thing. Animals that are used for experimentation sometimes died or sometimes they are still alive and moaning with pain because formaldehyde, which is an irritating substance, is injected that causes a painful death. In my opinion, every living thing like animals has a right to live their natural life.

   Cosmetic  Industry

The cosmetic industry uses animals for the safety of their products. In result, millions of animals suffer painful deaths. Many tests are used by the cosmetic industry. One is an irritancy test in which a liquid or some kind of powdered substance dropped into the eyes of rabbits. As a result of this rabbit's eyes become swollen or sometimes bleed and the rabbits are still alive. After this, the rabbits most probably die within 2 to 3 weeks. There is another kind of test to check those cosmetic products that are safe for humans or not. This test is known as the skin irritancy test. These tests are on rabbits and guinea pigs. This involves shaving the body of animals used chemicals on their skin and covered them with plastic covering. After that, they immobilized in restraining devices to prevent them from struggling. This is the worst kind of testing. Just for a new cosmetic product, we give long-lasting pain to animals. Animals have different systems than humans therefore they are not accurate. Scientists torture animals just to feel better is just wrong.

· based on similarity

We conduct tests on mammals because we think that they are more like us than birds, insects etc. We conduct psychological testing upon monkeys and chimpanzees because they are mentally like us. The point is that if these animals are like us, we cannot in good conscience test on them. On basis of similarity,  if they are like us that we can test on them, then they are so like us that we are morally obligated not to test on them. So if they are similar to humans than we should also test products on humans directly but we give pain to animals only.

·       Intentionally Ignore Scientific Information

Science has proved that animals think, experience emotion, and feel pain. We all heard animals scream when they are used for testing but still arguing against animal sentience is ridiculous. Animal experimentation is impractical and inconclusive.  It tells us little about human bodies and health. Just because a drug works on a rat does not mean it will work on a human; just because a virus kills a mouse does not mean it will kill a human. We hear that a certain chemical causes blindness in rabbits but when this is applied to humans it does not affect. Similarly, We are told that an experimental cancer drug tested on rats but it has no effect on rats but when this drug is tested on humans it does work. And, after animal testing, human trials are still required before it can be solidly applied to humans. Therefore using animals for experimentation is a waste of time.

·       Suffering For Animals

Scientists give animals painful suffering by injecting them 
with chemicals, diseases, giving them cancer and other injuries in the name of science. After injecting them with chemicals, researchers don’t give painkillers to animals and give them agony for a long period of time until they die or be killed. It is cruel to torture animals like this. It is ethically wrong to treat animals like this.

Conclusion

Researchers are doing well in the field of science but how they could justify this cruel behaviour for animals. They also have souls like humans. They feel pain like humans. We do animal experimentation just to beautify ourselves and make ourselves better. But if we see this is ethically wrong to give pain to animals. We progress in the field of science without the use of animals. We should use alternative methods for experimentation.

Cloud Computing....Need of hour

Introduction  to Cloud Computing

         

When you store your photos online instead of on your home computer or use 

webmail or a social networking site, you are using a “cloud computing” 

service. If you are an organization, and you want to use, for example, an online invoicing service instead of updating the in-house one you have been using for many years, that online invoicing service is a “cloud computing” service. Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing resources over the Internet. Instead of keeping data on your own hard drive or updating applications for your needs, you use a 

service over the Internet, at another location, to store your information or use its applications. Doing so may give rise to certain privacy implications.

For that reason, the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) has prepared some responses to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS). We have also 

developed a Fact Sheet that provides detailed information on cloud computing 

and the privacy challenges it presents.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the Internet. Cloud 

services allow individuals and businesses to use software and hardware that is

managed by third parties at remote locations. Examples of cloud services 

include online file storage, social networking sites, webmail, and online 

business applications. The cloud computing model allows access to information 

and computer resources from anywhere that a network connection is

 available. Cloud computing provides a shared pool of resources, including data 

storage space, networks, the following 

definition of cloud computing has been developed by the U.S. National institute

 of standards and technology(NIST): 

"Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network 

access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, 

servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned 

and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. 

This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential 

characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models"

Characteristics

                               

The characteristics of cloud computing include on-demand self-service, broad 

network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured service.

 On-demand self-service means that customers (usually organizations) can request and manage their own computing resources. Broad network access allows services to be offered over the Internet or private networks. Pooled 

resources mean that customers draw from a pool of computing resources, 

usually in remote data centres. Services can be scaled larger or smaller, and 

use of a service is measured and customers are billed 

accordingly.

Service Models

The cloud computing service models are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform

 as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

                      

 In a Software as a Service model, a pre-made application, along with any required software, operating system, hardware, and network are provided. In 

Paas, an operating system, hardware, and network are provided, and the 

customer installs or develops its own software and applications. The Iaas 

the model provides just the hardware and network; the customer 

installs or develops its own operating systems, software and applications.

Development Of Cloud Services

Cloud services are typically made available via a private cloud, community 

cloud, public cloud or hybrid cloud. 

 Services provided by a public cloud are offered over the Internet and are owned and operated by a cloud provider. Some examples include services aimed at the general public, such as online photo storage services,

 e-mail services, or social networking sites. However, services for enterprises can also be offered in a public cloud. 

In a private cloud, the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a specific organization and is managed by the organization or a third party. 

In a community cloud, the service is shared by several organizations and made available only to those groups. The infrastructure may be owned and operated by the organizations or by a cloud service provider.

A hybrid cloud is a combination of different methods of resource pooling (for example, combining public and community clouds).

why cloud Services Are Popular?

Cloud services are popular because they can reduce the cost and complexity of 

owning and operating computers and networks. Since cloud users do not have 

to invest in information technology infrastructure, purchase hardware, or buy

 software licences, the benefits are low up-front costs, rapid return on 

investment, rapid deployment, customization, flexible use, and solutions that 

can make use of new innovations. Besides, cloud providers that have 

specialized in a particular area (such as e-mail) can bring advanced services 

that a single company might not be able to afford or develop. 

Some other benefits to users include scalability, reliability, and efficiency.

 Scalability means that cloud computing offers unlimited processing and storage capacity. The cloud is reliable in that it enables access to applications and documents anywhere in the world via the Internet. Cloud computing is often 

considered efficient because it allows organizations to free up resources to

 focus on innovation and product development. 

                      

Another potential benefit is that personal information may be better protected in the cloud. Specifically, cloud computing may improve efforts to build privacy protections into technology from the start and the use of better security mechanisms. Cloud computing will enable more flexible IT acquisition and improvements, which may permit adjustments to procedures based on the sensitivity of the data. Widespread use of the cloud may also encourage open standards for cloud computing that will establish baseline data security features common across different services and providers. Cloud computing may also allow for better audit trails. Besides, the information in the cloud is not 

as easily lost (when compared to the paper documents or hard drives, for 

example).

Potential Barrier Risks

While there are benefits, there are privacy and security concerns too. Data is travelling over the Internet and is stored in remote locations. Also, cloud providers often serve multiple customers simultaneously. All of this may raise 

the scale of exposure to possible breaches, both accidental and deliberate. 

Concerns have been raised by many that cloud computing may lead to 

“function creep” — uses of data by cloud providers that were not anticipated 

when the information was originally collected and for which 

consent has typically not been obtained. Given how inexpensive it is to keep

 data, there is little incentive to remove the information from the cloud and 

more reasons to find other things to do with it. 

Security issues, the need to segregate data when dealing with providers that 

serve multiple customers, potential secondary uses of the data—these are 

areas that organizations should keep in mind when considering a cloud provider 

and when negotiating contracts or reviewing terms of service with a 

cloud provider. Given that the organization transferring this information to the 

the provider is ultimately accountable for its protection, it needs to ensure that the 

personal information is appropriately handled. 

Privacy Is Not A Barrier But It Must Be Taken Into Consideration

The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)

 does not prevent an organization from transferring personal information to an 

organization in another jurisdiction for processing. 

However, PIPEDA establishes rules governing those transfers — particularly 

concerning obtaining consent for the collection, use and disclosure of

personal information, securing the data, and ensuring accountability for the 

information and transparency in terms of practice. It is important to note that 

many non-Canadian based cloud providers may also be subject to PIPEDA.

To the extent that a cloud provider has a real and substantial connection to 

Canada, and collects, uses or discloses personal information in the 

a course of commercial activity, the provider is expected to protect personal 

information, in keeping with PIPEDA. 

Conclusion

Cloud computing offers benefits for organizations and individuals. There are also privacy and security concerns. If you are considering a cloud service, you should think about how your personal information, and that of your customers can best be protected. Carefully review the terms of service or contracts, and 

challenge the provider to meet your need........